![]() Use of snus causes changes in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. The available studies are ambiguous regarding a possible association between caries occurrence and snus use. It is possible that use of Swedish snus among men leads to weight gain and increases the risk of obesity. It is uncertain if low consumption ( four boxes of snus per week) of Swedish snus among men probably results in a large increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Type 2 diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome There are no studies investigating whether use of Swedish snus affects the risk of mental illnesses in women. It is uncertain whether use of Swedish snus affects the risk of schizophrenia. It is possible that use of Swedish snus increases the risk of non-affective psychosis. There are no studies investigating whether use of Swedish snus affects the risk of cardiovascular disease in women. It is uncertain whether use of Swedish snus affects the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure. It is possible that use of Swedish snus increases the risk of endothelial dysfunction and has immediate effects on cardiac function (reduced diastolic function). It is possible that stopping the use of snus after a heart attack may halve the risk of dying during the next two years. Use of Swedish snus probably increases the risk of high blood pressure and lethality after myocardial infarction and stroke. There are no studies investigating whether use of Swedish snus affects the risk of cancer in women Cardiovascular disease It is uncertain whether use of Swedish snus affects mortality after colon and rectal cancer. It is uncertain whether use of Swedish snus affects the risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, the lungs, the upper part of the stomach (cardia), colon and anus. It is possible that use of Swedish snus increases mortality after a diagnosis of cancer (all types of cancer assessed together, and prostate cancer specifically), both when the cause of death is considered cancer-related and for all causes. ![]() It is possible that use of Swedish snus increases the risk of cancer of the stomach and rectum. ![]() Use of Swedish snus probably increases the risk of oesophageal and pancreatic cancer. ![]() Main findings Health risks from use of Swedish snusÄ«ased on systematic reviews of research on people who use Swedish snus compared to people who do not use snus, knowledge about the properties of the constituents (TSNA and nicotine), animal studies on snus and evidence about adverse health effects caused by use of other tobacco products, we conclude as follows: Cancer The rest of the document describes the different scientific approaches to the mandate's questions in detail. We then discuss the findings and we conclude with answers to the mandate's questions before we end by giving an account of the method used. Subsequently we briefly present the evolving trends of snus use in Norway, and a review of the health damages related to the constituents of snus. The executive summary first presents our main findings responding to the mandate of the Ministry of Health and Care Services. The Ministry also assumes that research funded by or which otherwise has links to the tobacco industry is not given weight.â We have limited the report to the use of Swedish snus. The report should not include issues such as harm reduction and "gateway", topics that the Ministry has had thoroughly highlighted in other contexts. The Ministry also requests that the results should be discussed against the results of the global burden of disease project (GBD) and its estimates of burden of disease attributed to snus use in the population. The report shall present updated figures on snus use in Norway, and assess exposure and risk. «.The Ministry asked for the report to be updated with subsequent relevant scientific publications on potential health damages from snus use, documented by various methods (epidemiological studies, clinical studies and animal studies). On October 13 2017, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health was commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Care Services to update the 2014 report on health risks from snus use. ![]()
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